In order to explore the application of LED lighting in tall buildings, the application requirements of LED light sources and lamps in tall buildings were discussed. Combined with the use of simplified formulas for high-rise factory lighting calculation, the key technologies of LED light source applied to large-scale factory lighting were summarized, and the key points of LED lighting design for tall factory buildings were put forward. The lighting effects and energy saving were verified by the LED lighting application case of typical high-rise buildings. The effect has guiding significance for energy-saving design and energy-saving renovation of tall factory buildings.
High-rise buildings are common types of buildings in industrial buildings, such as shipyards and aircraft assembly plants. The high-rise buildings are high in height and large in area, and the lighting energy consumption is correspondingly high. The requirements for lighting fixtures are different from those of other buildings. At present, LED lighting has not been widely used in high-rise buildings. An important reason is that LED lighting is rarely used in high-tech workshops, and technical feasibility remains to be verified. Studying the key technologies of LED lighting used in high-rise factories and exploring LED lighting products suitable for its characteristics should attract the attention of energy-saving and emission-reduction work of Chinese shipyards and other enterprises. If LED lighting is widely used in high-rise factories, the energy-saving effect of the shipbuilding industry and other industries will be very impressive, which will be conducive to the in-depth development of China's energy-saving emission reduction work.
Choosing the right LED fixture is the key to energy-saving design of tall factory lighting. This paper first puts forward requirements for LED light source suitable for tall factory buildings, then discusses the choice of LED factory lights, and combines the lighting calculation characteristics of tall factory buildings to get the key points of selecting LED factory lights for tall buildings. Finally, through the application of LED lighting in typical high-rise workshop cases, the application methods of key LED lighting technologies are expounded.
LED light source requirements
LED luminaires are usually a complete set of equipment, and the light source is the core part.
1.1 Power requirements <br> High-rise plants usually use 400W~1000W metal halide lamps. Assume that a PW metal halide lamp is selected as the control light source. Compared with traditional light sources, LED light sources have high lumen maintenance and high light output efficiency. The maintenance rate of metal halide lighting is 70% and 50%. Energystar and energy-saving products in China require the life of the lamp to be 70% of the life of the lumen, which is the mark of L70. The actual light output efficiency of the lamps is not high, and the tall buildings are usually around 60%. The light effect of the metal halide lamp source is usually 801m/W, and the maintenance factor of the tall plant is 0.7. Therefore, the luminous flux of each PW metal halide lamp in a tall plant is PWx80lm/Wx70%x60%x0.7=23.5Plm.
After thorough research, the
high-power LED factory lighting efficiency in the market can reach l00lm / W; and its effective light efficiency is very impressive. The luminous flux maintenance rate is usually higher than 90%, and the luminous efficiency of the lamp can reach more than 95%. Therefore, the power of the LED lamp having an exit light flux of 23.5 Plm is 23.5 Plm / (1001 m / W x 90% X 95% x O. 7) = 0.393 FW.
Therefore, the choice of about 0.4PWLED lamps can meet the luminous flux requirements. According to the manufacturer's recommendation data and design experience, there is usually a corresponding relationship between the height of the plant and the power selection of the metal halide lamp, as shown in Table 1.
1.2 Light penetration requirements High-rise plants will also produce soot problems such as welding fumes and dust during the production process, which makes the light penetration problem of LED light sources pay close attention.
LED light penetration is related to the color temperature of the light source. The light penetration of the LED light source should not be lower than that of the commonly used metal halide lamp, that is, the color temperature of the LED should be at least not higher than the color temperature of the commonly used metal halide lamp 5000K.
1.3 Color rendering requirements Ra is specified in the lighting specifications, but LED light sources should also meet more requirements. R9 has an impact on the mental state of the workers in the production activities, and the LED light source should also request the data of R9. Now the industry has basically formed a unified view, that is, R9>0.
1.4 Heat Dissipation Requirements The LED lamps selected for the large plant are high-power LED lamps, and their heat dissipation problems are particularly worthy of attention.
The advantages and disadvantages of high-power LED packaging technology largely determine the thermal performance of
LED chips . Excellent LED packaging technology is the key to solving the heat dissipation problem of LED lamps.
LED factory light fixture requirements
In combination with the corresponding characteristics of the high-rise building, according to the application environment, the specific requirements of the LED factory lamp can be summarized, and the specific requirements of the LED factory lamp for the tall factory can be summarized.
2.1 Thermal issues and drive power technical requirements
The LED whole lamp is usually cooled by adding a heat sink. The LED chip conducts the heat generated by the good packaging process to the heat sink, and the heat is dissipated into the surrounding air through the heat sink. The connection between the heat sink and the LED particles, the effective heat dissipation area of the heat sink, and the choice of the material of the heat sink all affect the heat dissipation effect of the LED light.
Drive power technology is one of the shortcomings of LED lighting technology. Power failures in LED lamp failures are the first in the market. High-power LED luminaires require a higher current supply from the power supply and a higher requirement for power stability. Therefore, the driving power technology of high-power LED lamps is an important reference indicator for determining the performance.
2.2 Lamp housing requirements Considering that the working environment of the factory lamp is located indoors, there is usually no special requirement for the lamp housing. The production environment in tall buildings is usually harsh. For example, the dust generated by the product parts and the welding fumes generated by the cutting process often appear. This requires the lighting fixtures to have good sealing to prevent smoke and dust from entering the lighting glass. The inside of the hood affects the light output efficiency of the luminaire.
In order to prevent dust from entering the country, according to China's regulations on the protection level of low-voltage electrical enclosures, the LED lamp housings should have an IP5X or higher protection rating. For shipyard cutting workshops, steel pretreatment workshops, component workshops, armoring workshops, welding workshops, painting workshops, etc., high-quality workshops with welding fumes will be produced. Due to the small welding fumes, the LED lamp housings should have IP6X. Protection level to prevent smoke from entering.
2.3 Installation requirements for lamps The tall buildings usually have huge space and few walls. If there is strong wind outside, the air flow in the plant will be very intense. Therefore, it is required to consider when installing lighting fixtures to prevent the phenomenon of shaking. Usually, the overall weight of the LED lamp is light, and it can be installed on the steel beam of the factory building by rigid connection. If the LED luminaire uses a thicker heat sink, the weight of the whole lamp is heavier, and additional weight should be required to achieve the purpose of shaking even if there is intense air flow. At the same time, the LED luminaire should adopt a compact structure to avoid Abnormal noise affects production activities.
2.4 Light distribution curve of lamps requires that LED lamps should be used in tall buildings to meet the requirements of lighting parameters.
At present, lens refraction is usually used to solve the problem of secondary light distribution of LED lamps. The secondary light distribution method using combined light distribution can improve the flexibility and accuracy of light distribution of LED lamps.
3 use of simplified formula for lighting calculation of tall buildings
GB50034—2013 “Architectural Lighting Design Standards” specifies a working surface height of 0.75m for lighting calculations, while tall building heights are usually greater than 15m, compared to the height of the working surface. By tidying up the entire lighting calculation process, a simplified formula for the lighting calculation of tall buildings can be obtained, as shown in equation (1).
Where Φ is the total luminous flux of the luminaire, a, b, and H are the length, width, and height of the building space, respectively, Ewall is the average illuminance value of the wall, K is the maintenance factor, and the illuminance of the Ewall working surface.
By dividing the total luminous flux of the luminaire by the single illuminance Φ of the selected luminaire, the number n of the selected luminaires can be obtained, that is,
The simulation method is used to verify the simplified formula of the lighting calculation of tall buildings, which can prove that the simplified formula can be practically applied in the lighting calculation of tall buildings. According to the calculation requirements of the coefficient method, the lighting calculation process is cumbersome. By simplifying the formula by using high-rise plant lighting calculations, the simplified lighting calculation method becomes simple and clear, convenient and easy to use, and easy to promote in the lighting design of tall buildings.
LED lighting selection technical points
The use of LED lamps for lighting design in the large factory building is an important trend in the future. The design points are summarized as follows:
1) If it is an energy-saving retrofit project, you can use one-to-one replacement of the original design of the metal halide lamp with LED lamps, the power replacement factor is 0.4;
2) If it is a new project, calculate the total luminous flux required by the plant using equation (1), determine the LED lamp power according to Table 1, and determine the number of lamps according to formula (2);
3) Determine the layout scheme according to the number of lamps, and determine the requirements of the light distribution curve of the lamps by the aspect ratio of the lamps in the layout scheme;
4) Determine LED light source parameters, including LED light penetration requirements, LED color rendering requirements, and LED chip package thermal requirements;
5) Determine LED lamp requirements, including LED lamp heat sink cooling requirements, drive power technology requirements, lamp housing protection level requirements, and lamps to prevent shaking.
Applications
This paper takes the energy-saving renovation project as an example to discuss the application steps of LED lighting in tall buildings. The lighting energy-saving retrofit of a typical tall plant involves the selection of the retrofit area, the selection of LED luminaires, and the transformation of electrical lines in the relevant areas. In order to compare the energy consumption status, a control group can be set to compare the energy saving effects, and it is also necessary to record the lighting indicators of different lighting fixtures to compare the lighting effects.
5.1 Case Study The cutting workshop of Guangzhou Longxue Shipbuilding Base covers an area of nearly 150,000 square meters and a height of 19 meters. It is the front end part of the production process of the entire shipyard. The workshop usually has a heavy production task, usually adopting a two-shift or even three-shift production mode. The workshop lighting has a long opening time and outstanding energy consumption. Taking Guangzhou Longxue Base Cutting Workshop as the research object, the existing metal halide lamp lighting energy-saving is transformed into LED lighting, which is convenient for the research on energy-saving renovation of high-rise factory lighting. Figure 1 is a plan view of the 16~34 axis illumination of the cutting workshop.
Selecting part of the workshop for experimental transformation can not only explore the feasibility of LED lighting in high-rise buildings, but also avoid the uncertainty caused by large-scale equipment installation and the interference to production schedule. In order to prevent workers from being affected by the difference in lighting between regions during the work process, the transformation area is required to be relatively independent, and the workers in the relevant areas do not regularly travel to other areas. After investigation, it is found that between the A and B axes, the 22~26 axis area (the lower part of the left cloud coil in Fig. 1) is the cutting steel plate finishing area, and the 27~31 axis area (the lower part of the lower part of Fig. 1 is the right cloud coil). The area is a partial cutting operation area of the steel plate, and the workers work relatively independently; and the two areas each have a 1000W metal halide lamp 15盏, and the installation height is 15.4m, which has moderate economic requirements for the transformation work. Here, the 27-31 axis region was selected as the transformation object, and the 22 to 26 axis region was selected as the control group.
For the energy-saving renovation of tall buildings, it is first necessary to choose a new energy-saving light source to replace the traditional light source. Here, the LED light source is selected; then the electrical circuit of the area to be modified is arranged to study the lighting characteristics and energy consumption; finally, the transformation of the measurement method, statistics and Compare energy consumption before and after renovation.
S.2LED lamp selection
5.2.1 LED factory lamp selection requires the dragon hole cutting workshop to use 1000W metal halide lamp, so the power of the LED lamp is 0.4x1000W=400W. The project needs to use 400W LED lamps, which are typical high-power LED lamps. The heat dissipation problem is especially noteworthy.
In the industrial production process of the cutting workshop, huge soots such as welding fumes will be produced. The LED lamps used in the project require the enclosure to have IP6X protection level. In addition, the luminaire should take corresponding measures to avoid the shaking caused by the intense air flow in the tall building. Referring to Figure 1, the key reference indicator of the light distribution curve of the metal halide lamp in the cutting workshop is the 1/2 illuminance angle of the luminaire. After calculation, the 1/2 illuminance angle of the lamp is in the formula (3), the installation height h of the lamp is=15.4m, and the installation distance s is 11.25m. Therefore, the light flux and maximum light intensity of the metal halide lamp source in the cutting workshop are concentrated in the range of 0=20°, which belongs to the deep-illumination light distribution curve. Therefore, the selection of the lens of the LED lamp used in the retrofit engineering needs to be calculated and tested. In order to make the LED luminaires have the required deep-illumination light distribution curve.
When engineering and selecting lamps, it is necessary to investigate the light transparency and M color of LED lamps.
5.2.2 Introduction of selected LED lamps According to the relevant requirements, the renovation project examined the lighting products of many enterprises in the market, and determined the LED factory lamp products of a certain company by bidding method, the model number is WDSWII-LED400W.
Through the relevant requirements of the project, the LED factory lamp has partially improved the performance indicators to meet various technical regulations. The specific indicators include: the lamp power is 400W, the LED chip adopts the American Puri product, the LED spectrum is continuous, and the color rendering is satisfied. CRI requirements, and R9>0; LED package is completed by a company, its packaging technology solves the heat dissipation problem of IID chip well; the product heat sink uses 80 pieces of high thermal conductivity of lmm copper alloy sheet material, supplemented by The heat-conducting copper pipe runs through the center, which makes the whole lamp dissipate faster and the temperature rises lower; the lamp adopts dual power supply to balance the supply current, effectively reduce the circuit load and improve the high reliability of the equipment work; the whole lamp is waterproof, dustproof and anti-corrosive. Treatment, the light exit part of the lamp adopts 5mm tempered safety glass, the lamp electrical appliance is integrated, the outer casing protection grade is IP65, and the deep-light type light distribution curve; the total weight of the lamp is 8kg, which belongs to the light weight product, and can be rigid with the steel beam of the factory building. How to install the connection. The color temperature of the product is 5000K, and the light transmittance is good. The appearance of the WDSWII-LED400W LED Ding Factory lamp is shown in the cabinet 2.
5.3 Electrical circuit transformation
Once the LED luminaire products are identified, the circuit can be retrofitted to the retrofit area. On the one hand, it is convenient to measure energy consumption on the one hand, and on the other hand, the lighting effect can be compared through flexible regional control. In order to meet the requirements, the area to be modified and the control area should be illuminated by an independent distribution box, and the original power distribution method must be changed.
In the original design, the installation location of the distribution box responsible for the distribution of the area to be modified and the control area is indicated by the small-area small area cloud line as shown in Figure 1. The 400W LED factory lamp selected for the renovation project can replace the original 1000W metal halide lamp one-to-one, and the modified regional lighting fixture is set up with an independent distribution box, and a meter is used, using the number ALED. The control area has the same number of 1000W metal halide lamps, and the distribution box number is AMHL.
The line transformation work needs to be coordinated with the production schedule, and is arranged when the production tasks in the corresponding areas of the cutting workshop are small, and it is carried out during the day. Line modification and subsequent replacement of lighting fixtures, the relevant workshops should not have workers working in the field, and the equipment should also be in a shutdown state.
5.4 Comparison of lighting effects From the perspective of the population on the south side of the cutting workshop, the real-life photos before and after the energy-saving renovation are shown in Figures 3 and 4.
Figure 3: Photograph of the cutting workshop lighting energy saving before the real scene Fig.3Pictureofcurveplantbeforeenergy-savingrebuild
Figure 4: Photograph of the workshop workshop lighting energy-saving retrofit Fig.4Pictureofcurveplantafterenergy-savingrebuild
It can be seen from the ground reference objects in Fig. 3 to Fig. 4 that the illumination effect using the LED lamps is excellent. According to GB/T5700-2008 "Lighting Measurement Method" 114;, through the illumination test of the relevant area, the average illumination of the ALED box area is 2181x, and the average illumination of the AMHL box area is only 911x. According to the construction drawing design requirements of the cutting workshop, the design illumination value of this workshop is 150k. The ALED box area is a newly installed lighting fixture. Considering the maintenance factor of 0.7m, the full illumination illuminance value is about 153k, and the illumination value can meet the design requirements.
There are many reasons why the regional illuminance value of the traditional metal halide lamp can not meet the design requirements: the smoke in the cutting workshop is huge, which affects the light-emitting efficiency of the lamp; the metal halide lamp has been running for many years, and the light source itself is very bad; the original purchase is not correct. Light source and luminaire related indicators make specific requirements in the application environment. It can also be seen from Fig. 3 that the metal halide lamps that have been used for many years before the energy-saving retrofit have a phenomenon of distinct brightness.
5.5 Energy-saving effect comparison The energy-saving retrofit project sets up a meter for the ALED box and the AMHL box, which can easily obtain the energy consumption data of both. The lighting in the cutting workshop is manually controlled by the staff. The daily opening and closing time of the lighting varies greatly with the weather, season, working conditions and other factors. The two cabinets have different time for switching the lighting due to the lighting requirements of the working area, so they are installed in the cabinet. The clock is counted to facilitate accurate recording.
After the completion of the line transformation, the clock bottom is adjusted to zero. After a period of measurement, the two cabinets are used for about 14 hours per day. The average power consumption per hour of the ALED box is about 5.7 kW-h, while the average AMHL box is The hourly power consumption is approximately 12.3 kW•h. It can be seen that the average hourly ALED box is about 54% lower than the AMHL box power consumption, and the energy saving effect is remarkable.
The AMHL box load is 15盏lkW metal halide lamp with an installed capacity of 15kW. Considering the power of the ballast, the total power should be larger; the measured power is about 12.3kW, which shows that the metal halide lamp has been running for many years. It is already very serious.
5.6 Energy-saving renovation summarizes the energy-saving renovation of high-rise factory lighting, the selection of energy-saving lamps is the key, a large number of preliminary research work is the basis for the selection of lamps; energy-saving renovation work should be demonstrated after the demonstration, the selection of the transformation area also depends on the previous research work; The line sleeve transformation is related to the two main indicators of lighting effect and energy saving effect. The selection of the control group is very necessary. By comparing the lighting effects and energy-saving effects of the two light sources, it can be seen that the LED light source is excellent in lighting effect in a large factory building, and the energy saving effect is remarkable. In view of the energy-saving renovation of existing high-rise plant lighting, it has important reference value for the selection of energy-saving lamps for new plants.
Conclusion
The construction of China's shipyard infrastructure is nearing completion, and the design and installation of lighting fixtures has also been completed using traditional light sources. At present, some shipyard companies that have been put into production have relevant energy-saving needs, and hope to transform the traditional light sources already in the shipyard workshop into LED light sources through energy-saving renovation. This expands the space for the application of LED lighting in tall buildings.
The technical points proposed in this paper are based on a large number of data acquisition and design experience, and have not been rigorously derived, and some requirements may become irrelevant as the technology matures. However, at the current level of LED technology, the technical requirements presented in this paper have clear guiding significance for the energy-saving design and energy-saving renovation of the large plant lighting.
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